Monthly Archives: October 2024

#Energyreality, economic prosperity and energy, Energy, Politics and Economic Prosperity, Keeping America Great, Politics & Management, Uncategorized

Heaven Runs on Righteousness Earth Runs on Energy

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The Biden-Harris Administration and Congressional Democrats are Self Righteous, Environmental Zealots with low energy IQ’s, they are seriously misguided and have created anti-American energy policies that are impossible to achieve. These self righteous Bureaucrats and elected officials are detached from energy reality and are destroying our country. As the quote by Churchill’s Minister of Labour said, “Heaven Runs on Righteousness and the Earth Runs on Energy” Biden, Harris and the Democrats do not understand this.

My retired engineer friends and me are amongst the 5% or so of Americans that understand energy and electricity generation.  These enviro-zealot government policy makers have been placed in office by the 95% majority that does NOT understand energy and electricity generation. 

The majority of Americans have been misguided into believing carbon is an existential threat, worse than nuclear weapons or other catastrophes.

How? by the Main Stream Media, Entertainment personalities, “Woke” corporations and misguided, low energy IQ politicians. 

President Biden has stated that Climate Change is an Existential Threat Facing Humanity  He is wrong. The war on carbon is the threat to America’s future. 

Coal power has provided the foundation of America’s Industrial strength and our high quality of life. Coal continues to be important, especially during times of peak Demand. Especially winter. For Industrial production, coal is used to produce 70% of the world’s steel, 90% of cement and 61% of the aluminum.

Energy is the Lifeblood of a Developed Country’s industrial productive capacity, social functioning, food production and job creating economy. The environmental Zealots are doing their best to bleed out the energy Lifeblood of our country.

Energy is the economy, it fuels our way of life and supports a strong national defense.

One Engineer’s Steam Venting Rant

Yes, some may say I am a grumpy old man. Well, maybe I am. As I see it, I have a lot to be grumpy about. I am not alone, I know dozens of other veteran engineers that worked the same productive decades I did, beginning in the 1960’s. We studied and worked hard, long hours and we did our best to contribute to building a better America. Especially, the reliable, affordable electric Grid. After working for over 50 years to do our parts in building the “Largest Machine in the World” the American Electric Grid, here we are watching as misguided enviro-zealots destroy the foundation of what we helped build. These enviro-zealots have low energy IQ’s, nearly zero understanding of how reliable power generation functions and as they work against the fuels we depend on. Worse yet, they do not seem to care about the consequences for our country.

I predict that Blackouts will become more common and power costs will continue to escalate, thanks to the Net-Zero carbon path the U.S. is on. The “Inflation Reduction Act” codified the “Green New Deal” into law and the increased anti carbon Regulations of the EPA and other Alphabet soup Federal agencies have America on a perilous path.

This winter will be difficult and it is likely that there will be more lives lost, such as Texas experienced in 2021 with the winter Blackouts. I am steamed up and this commentary is my way of venting that steam.

Electricity in the 1950’s to 1970’s

Let me quote a 1950 magazine ad by Babcock & Wilcox. The last line reads:

“B&W will cooperate with our busy Utilities for still further improvement-in service-and a way of life-that have made America great and strong”

My compliments to B&W, C-E, FW, G-E, Westinghouse, Riley, Alis-Chalmers, DeLaval (and many other fine U.S. supply-chain companies with hundreds of thousands of employees) and the electric Utility industry, yes they succeeded to make America Great and Strong!

For over a hundred years, America had the most reliable, most reasonable cost electricity Grid of any major nation. America set the standard of being the best at providing affordable and dependable electricity. The economy grew and the use of coal paralleled the growth of GDP.

Then the “War on Coal” began. I am still at a loss as to why there was so much angst against the very fuel that powered America through two World Wars and built the largest industrial economy in the history of the world. I have written much on the war on coal and some of the people and organizations that promoted the “Self Inflicted Electricity Crisis“ (1,2,3,4, 5, 6, 7, 8,9,10,11) If you wish more background, much has been published, kindly read the referenced commentaries and references included at the end.

Here are some of my personal experiences and some of the reasons why I am irritated at the enviro-zealots.

America Had Over 100 Years of Affordable, Reliable, Abundant and Dispatchable Electricity Until the War On Coal Began in the 1990’s. Now, the Infra-Structure that provided the Foundation of our Reliable Electric Grid is Being Destroyed by Policymakers that are either misinformed or they have low energy IQ’s and  have NOT done their homework. U.S. Energy Policymakers have created this crisis, right before our eyes.
 
In 2010 about 30% of the U.S. Electricity Generation Capacity was provided by Coal Fueled Power Plants and right at 50% of electricity generation was from coal fuel. Since 2010 about half of these have been shut down. Suitable replacement of new electricity generation should have been built first before destroying about half of the reliable coal plants in America. A Balanced Portfolio would and should have included new nuclear plants, new High Efficiency, Low Emissions (HELE) coal plants and of course, natural gas combined cycle plants.  

At least 125,000 MW’s of New, In Kind Generation Capacity should have been built before destroying the existing reliable, affordable and Dispatchable coal plants.


I will attempt to explain what is being done to destroy electricity reliability and what should be done:
 
Here is an example of a typical large Utility Coal Power Plant. The Roxboro Generating Plant of Duke Energy near Roxboro, NC. The first unit started up in 1966 and Unit #4 in 1980. This one is special to me, because I was the startup engineer for Unit #3 in 1973 and I worked at the plant on all four units for several different companies over my career. So, I am very familiar with all the plant major equipment.

This plant when operating at 2500 MWh and an 80% load factor will consume about 700 tons of coal per hour. This is seven full railroad coal cars. When operating as designed, it would consume about six million tons of coal per year.  Let me compare this large Thermal Plant with a large Hydro Plant, say the Robert Moses Hydro-Electric plant at Niagara Falls. This one thermal power plant in Roxboro produces as much as this huge facility and it fits on a real-estate parcel of a few thousand acres. The Robert Moses hydroelectric plant is powered by rainwater runoff from eight U.S. states and one Canadian Province. The outflow of most of the water from the Great Lakes flows to the Niagara River and through the hydroelectric generators installed there.

Comparison of Energy Density, Coal, Hydro and Solar

How Much Power Generation is 2500 MW? Did You Ever Visit Niagara Falls? The U.S. Side New York Power Authority Generation Station that uses the American share of the total outflow of the Great Lakes is about the same size in Electricity Generation Capability as the Roxboro Coal Plant.
The energy density of hydroelectric power is very low, it takes enormous amounts of land area and elevation change to provide the potential for hydroelectric generation. In North America, all the large sources of falling water have been utilized.
Solar power to replace a coal plant the size of Roxboro has an even lower energy density, and it would require between 40 and 160 square miles of land area to provide intermittent 25% capacity factor generation when the weather permits. With battery storage, about 160 square miles would be required to replace a 2500 MW fossil plant. Even then solar power is weather dependent on clouds and sunshine. On reliability, a snowstorm will reduce output to zero and a hailstorm destroy the capacity for months until the panels can be replaced. 

So, What’s the Problem?

Over 122,000 MW of electric power generation capacity has been demolished. This is the equivalent of 50 power plants the size of Roxboro Generating Station or the size of the Robert Moses Hydro-electric plant in Niagara Falls, NY.

There has NOT been a major new coal plants built in the U.S. since 2013.  Yet, America is the Saudi Arabia of coal and within our country is the highest quality, high BTU, low ash coal found on the planet.

Low Energy IQ Decision in Minnesota

Tim Walz, Governor of Minnesota presided over the war on coal in Minnesota. Cheered on by CNN, here is the article where Minnesota and the “Woke” Utility serving that area have decided to shut down the very reliable Sherco Coal Plant (about 2700 MW) and replace it with solar panels. I am not kidding. Here is the link to the CNN article. From an energy and electricity planning standpoint, this is ludicrous. I have worked at the Sherco plant and it is, or at least was well run and well maintained. Like Roxboro Plant mentioned above, capable of generating electricity 24/7 in any kind of weather. Including during snow storms, hail storms, and cloudy days. This is irresponsible at the least. To be fair, it had to be agreed to by Xcel Energy’s “Woke” top management, who obviously have to know better? In my mind, I am at a loss to understand how Utility management can accept pressure from the government without educating the public and pushing back on un-American regulations. When Sherco is shut down, the winters in Minnesota will be more expensive and more difficult for the industries and residents.

Here are a couple of quotes from the CNN article by Xcel Energy President when talking about replacing the coal generation with solar panels: “It allows us to move much more quickly,” said Ryan Long, Xcel Energy’s Minnesota president, who called reusing the plant’s infrastructure “a real key to our strategy here.”

“We’re a good wind and solar state,” Wyckoff said. “Anything we burn that’s fossil fuel, we are importing. We are making the wind and solar electricity here.”

It’s also a huge step forward for Minnesota’s climate and clean energy goals. Under its Democratic governor and 2024 vice-presidential candidate Tim Walz, the state is aggressively trying to decarbonize its power sector — getting to 100% clean electricity by 2040.

“That is a key driver for how we’re going to decarbonize the rest of the economy,” Wykoff said. “We’re aiming to be clean economy-wide by 2050. And I think we can get there.”

Hmmm, I suggest revisiting the viability of solar to replace coal in January or the next Polar Vortex.

From CNN News report on replacing 2700 MW Sherco Coal Plant with Solar in MN : https://edition.cnn.com/2024/09/16/climate/coal-to-solar-minnesota/index.html

How Do We Treat the Most Reliable, Most Affordable Electric Generating Plants in the U.S.?

The picture above is the implosion of the Sutton Unit #3 at Duke Energy near Wilmington, NC. This one is also personal to me, because I was also the lead Boiler Startup engineer in charge in 1972 when Sutton #3 went into commercial operation. 

To generate 122,000 MW, (a conservative estimate of the total reliable coal generation capacity destroyed since 2010) it would take 290 plants like this. 

Who is Cheering as these Reliable Coal Plants are Demolished?

The Sierra Club website keeps score on their “Beyond Coal” Campaign and they show 385 total coal Units shut down since 2010. According to the Sierra Club, only 145 to go.

Oh yes, there are in fact other’s that are cheering for America to sabotage our electric Grid…..

Two fair questions can be asked:

1. Who cares?

2. Do we really need these old coal plants? 


I will answer the questions with an emphatic Yes, I care and Yes, we need them!  We do need the remaining 145 coal plants.
 
What Should America be Doing?
In my opinion, we should be building new nuclear power plants right now. Also, at least 50 new HELE (High Efficiency, Low Emissions) 2500 MW coal plants. Until a new and expanded nuclear fleet can be designed, built constructed and proven, we should reinforce our electricity Grid with more conventional and Dispatchable generation.
 
A coal plant handles the “Energy Storage” security concern by having the inherent capability of storing months of fuel on site. Electricity generation is Not dependent on “just in time” pipeline provided gas flow.
 
Overall, America produces about 16% of our electricity from coal fuel. However, three important differences of coal plants compared to solar and wind are: 
Coal power is Dispatchable. Coal plants can be ramped up in power output to match the Demand. Wind and solar are intermittent and are therefore, Non-Dispatchable. Some advantages of a coal plant:

  1. Fuel Storage on site
  2. Coal power is less expensive to produce
  3. Coal power generation is dependable in all weather conditions, 24/7
  4. The greatest need for coal plants come at peak Demand hours in the summer and the winter. Especially winter.
     
    Energy Powers Economic Prosperity 
    Reasonable electricity cost is especially important for Industrial production. For example, production of primary metals such aluminum, steel and copper use enormous amounts of electricity. Aluminum smelting requires 5 kWh per pound of aluminum smelted from aluminum oxide. That 5 kWh does not include the processing of Bauxite into alumina, transportation and ingot remelting, forging or sheet production. In my state of S.C. we have an aluminum smelter operated by Century Aluminum and a couple of steel mills operated by NUCOR. These use hundreds of Megawatts of power and that power must be of reasonable cost to remain competitive. 
     
    When it comes to economic strength, it is Industrial production that provides the jobs that allow families to prosper. Over 40% of the world’s primary energy use is for primary metals production and manufacturing.
    Reasonable cost, reliable electricity generation is a pre-requisite for Economic Prosperity and especially, job providing Industrial production.

What About Wind and Solar? Can these Renewables Replace Fossil Fuels?

In terms of PRIMARY Energy, wind and solar, after decades of subsidies, provide an insignificant quantity of America’s Primary Energy. 

Credit Statista: https://www.statista.com/statistics/203325/us-energy-consumption-by-source/

The war on coal fueled power stations is contributing to the coming electricity reliability crisis. The War on Coal” is self-Inflicted and anti-American. Wind and Solar cannot replace the PRIMARY Energy of coal, nuclear and gas. Six materials that our society depends on require enormous amounts of energy and cannot be electrified: Steel, Aluminum, Plastics, Ammonia Fertilizer and Cement. 

Electricity is Secondary Energy.  Electrifying everything is impossible and needs to be evaluated by a new President and Congressional Leaders that care about the future of our country. Biden-Harris and the Democrats act as if they are puppets of Xi Jinping, Putin and the Ayatollah, working to weaken the U.S. from within.

So, What about China and the Rest of the World?

In 2023, more coal was burned in the world than ever in recorded history. Developing countries and the second largest economy of the world China are lifting people from poverty and increasing manufacturing using conventional forms of power generation, including coal. China now has over 400 new ultra-supercritical, coal plants either in permitting stages or under construction. China uses about 56% of the world’s total coal consumption to power its manufacturing economy. Long story short on the “Earth Running on Energy”, China Gets it!

China uses about 10 times the coal consumption of the U.S. In fact, China accounts for 56% of global coal demand. In 2022, coal provided more than 60% of China’s power generation.

What Would it Take to Replace Fossil Fuels for Electricity Generation?

The 2023 book by Donn Dears outlined what it would take to replace coal and gas power generation in the U.S. Here is his summary:

Nuclear power is the largest carbon free form of electric power generation and the best hope for the future. However, as Mr. Dears points out, it would take about 31 nuclear plant expansions such as that just completed last year at Georgia Power’s Plant Vogtle. That 2,200 MW expansion took over ten years to complete. Now how feasible is it for the U.S. supply-chain (including skilled talent) to build 31 Plant Vogtles every year from now till 2050?

Conclusions

America has NO Energy Policy only a Decarbonization Policy Only Climate Policies that attack the very fuels that our country depends upon. The Net-Zero Carbon Path that America is on will weaken if not destroy our country’s productive capacity. Worse yet, if CO2 emissions are a concern, then shutting down all of America’s coal plants will not make a difference anyway. Further, the science of Anthropogenic Climate Change is NOT settled and there are many Scientists that have strong arguments that the consumption of carbon is only a minor contributor to Climate Change. So, why destroy America’s productive capacity and cede further manufacturing jobs to China or other countries of the world? Especially when the so called “Climate Crisis” is really Climate Fraud. (181, 182)

Much of this was presented at the Liberty University CEO-Summit September 24th in Lynchburg, VA.

Yours truly,

Dick Storm, October 3, 2024

Note: To give credit where it is due, the title is a paraphrase of Churchill’s Minister of Labour, Ernest Bevin. The full quote attributed to him: “The Kingdom of Heaven Runs on Righteousness, The Kingdom of Earth Runs on Energy”

References and further research

  1. Dick Storm Blog: The War on Carbon, How it Came to Be” October 2021: https://dickstormprobizblog.org/2021/10/16/the-war-on-carbon-how-it-came-to-be/“
  2. Energy and World Peace, April, 2022: https://dickstormprobizblog.org/2022/04/05/energy-world-peace/
  3. The Rise and Fall and Rise Again  of Nations and the  Realities of Energy: https://dickstormprobizblog.org/2023/08/15/the-rise-fall-and-rise-again-of-nations-and-the-realities-of-energy/
  4. America Needs 100 Quadrillion BTUs of Primary Energy Each Year, May 16, 2023: https://dickstormprobizblog.org/2023/05/16/back-to-basics-the-u-s-needs-100-quadrillion-btus-year-of-primary-energy/  
  5.  Pillars of Modern Civilization, Ammonia, Food, Steel, Concrete, Plastics, Aluminum, July 2022: https://dickstormprobizblog.org/2022/07/25/pillars-of-modern-civilization-all-dependent-on-energy/
  6. Dick Storm Blog post, “Wake Up Americans!” Sept. 21, 2023: https://dickstormprobizblog.org/2023/09/20/please-wake-up-america-your-energy-and-electricity-generation-reliability-are-at-risk/
  7. THE ERA OF RELIABLE, AFFORDABLE, ENERGY AND ELECTRICITY GENERATION: PART 1
  8. https://dickstormprobizblog.org/2023/10/04/the-era-of-reliable-affordable-energy-and-electricity-generation-part-1/
  9.  The Green Energy Crisis is Here, Part 1, Sept. 17, 2023: https://dickstormprobizblog.org/2023/05/29/the-green-energy-crisis-is-here-part-1/
  10. The Green Energy Crisis, Part 2, “Meet Some of the People that Caused it”,  June 2023: https://dickstormprobizblog.org/2023/06/14/green-energy-crisis-part-2-meet-the-policy-makers-that-caused-it/
  11. The Green Energy Crisis, Part 3, June 26, 2023: https://dickstormprobizblog.org/2023/06/26/green-energy-crisis-part-3-public-energy-education-is-needed-each-person-in-the-u-s-uses-about-315-million-btus-of-primary-energy-year-this-is-not-practical-or-even-possible-to-replace-with-win/
  12. PJM Winter Operations Resources: https://www.iso-ne.com/static-assets/documents/2023/05/2023-05-18-egoc-a3-3-pjm-post-winter-2022-23-review.pdf
  13. “Clean Energy Crisis, the Challenge of Replacing Fossil Fuels”, by Donn Dears. 2023, Seahill Press, Inc. 
  14. Manhattan Contrarian article on Electricity Prices in Germany and the world, including the U.S. Great chart of electricity process ranked from highest to lowest, Sept. 7th, 2024: https://www.manhattancontrarian.com/blog/2024-9-7-in-germany-the-energy-transition-situation-only-gets-worse
  15. Global Energy Monitor Report of Existing Coal Plants in U.S. 2013: https://www.gem.wiki/Existing_U.S._Coal_Plants
  16. NERC Summer 2024 Reliability report, June 21, 2024: https://www.nerc.com/pa/RAPA/PA/Performance%20Analysis%20DL/NERC_SOR_2024_Technical_Assessment.pdf
  17. EIA Total Primary Energy Used in 2023: https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/us-energy-facts/
  18. EIA Electricity Production in 2023 by fuel source: https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=427&t=3#:~:text=In%202023%2C%20about%204%2C178%20billion,facilities%20in%20the%20United%20States.&text=About%2060%25%20of%20this%20electricity,%2C%20petroleum%2C%20and%20other%20gases.
  19. NMA Importance of Coal for Electric Reliability: https://nma.org/2024/04/01/coal-energy-stability/
  20. Global Energy Monitor on Coal Plants in 2023, China has more than 50% of World Coal Capacity: https://globalenergymonitor.org/report/boom-and-bust-coal-2024/
  21. Duke Energy info on Roxboro Plant: https://www.duke-energy.com/our-company/about-us/power-plants/roxboro-plant
  22. EIA Coal Consumption 2023, 422 Million Tons: https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=62484#:~:text=The%20amount%20of%20coal%20transported%20to%20power%20plants%2C%20which%20are,consumption%20to%20reverse%20this%20year.
  23. Coal Hub, Coal Use in China, 2023 about 4 Billion Tons: https://thecoalhub.com/chinese-coal-consumption-over-4-billion-tons-in-2023.html#:~:text=Chinese%20coal%20consumption%20reached%20over%204%20billion%20tons%20in%202023.
  24. IEA World Coal Consumption Report 2023: https://www.iea.org/reports/coal-2023/demand
  25. Sierra Club, Climate, Energy and Beyond Coal website: https://www.sierraclub.org/climate-and-energy  
  26. Dr. Lars Schernikau, “Coal or Gas, Do We Have a Choice?” : https://unpopular-truth.com/2024/09/14/natural-gas-or-coal/?utm_source=brevo&utm_campaign=2024-09-14%20Natural%20Gas%20or%20Coal&utm_medium=email
  27.  WSJ on California Rolling Blackouts, Sept. 8, 2024: https://www.wsj.com/opinion/californias-lights-are-out-and-gavin-newsom-isnt-home-energy-power-f51913f5?mod=djemMER_h
  28.  Todd Snitchler, Electric Power Supply Association, “Has the Electricity Reality Check Arrived”, WUWT : https://wattsupwiththat.com/2024/09/06/has-the-electricity-reality-check-arrived/
  29. EPA Air Pollution Trends: https://www.epa.gov/air-trends/air-quality-national-summary
  30. The Coming Electricity Reliability Crisis and the Importance of Coal, Sept. 12, 2024:  https://dickstormprobizblog.org/2024/09/12/the-electricity-reliability-crisis-and-the-importance-of-american-coal/
  31. Coal’s Final Battle, May 18, 2024: https://dickstormprobizblog.org/2024/05/20/coals-final-battle/
  32. Tom Shepstone’s Substack repost of Dick Storm commentary, May 20, 2024: https://open.substack.com/pub/energysecurityfreedom/p/why-we-the-american-people-must-win?r=kv1a9&utm_campaign=post&utm_medium=web
  33. Visualizing 100 Quadrillion BTUs. Shouldn’t Coal Remain in our Energy Mix?” : https://dickstormprobizblog.org/2024/07/02/visualizing-100-quadrillion-btus-of-primary-energy-coal-should-remain-in-our-energy-mix/
  34. We the People vs. The Ten Headed Swamp Monster     :  https://dickstormprobizblog.org/2024/07/10/we-the-people-vs-net-zero-indoctrination-by-the-ten-headed-swamp-monster/
  35. The Magnificent and Indispensable Heat Engines Society Depends on: https://dickstormprobizblog.org/2024/07/30/the-magnificent-and-indispensable-heat-engine-on-which-civil-society-depends-part-1-heat-engines-1-3-million-horsepower/ 
  36. Largest Solar Plant in U.S. 874MW plus 3287 MWh storage, 4660 acres, Edwards-Sanborn in CA: https://www.mortenson.com/projects/edwards-sanborn-solar-plus-storage
  37. PV Magazine on Edwards-Sanborn Plant: https://www.pv-magazine.com/2024/01/22/largest-us-solar-storage-project-goes-online/
  38. Great Plains Institute on Land Area Required for Solar: https://betterenergy.org/blog/the-true-land-footprint-of-solar-energy/
  39. EIA Solar Update, 2021: https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=46416
  40. FPL, Manatee Energy Center 751 acre, 74.5 MW Solar Farm, FL: https://www.fpl.com/content/dam/fplgp/us/en/energy-my-way/pdf/fpl-solar-fact-sheets/FPL%20Manatee%20Solar%20Energy%20Center%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf
  41. EIA Capacity Factors of Solar Farms 16-29%: https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=39832
  42. Nuclear Generation Statistics 1971-2023: https://www.nei.org/resources/statistics/us-nuclear-generating-statistics
  43. EIA Nuclear Generation Capacity of U.S. Nuclear Fleet about 95 GW: https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/nuclear/us-nuclear-industry.php
  44. Duke Energy Plans replacement of coal plant generation with SMR’s, Neutron Bytes: https://neutronbytes.com/2023/08/21/duke-energy-plans-replacement-of-coal-plant-with-smr/
  45. EIA U.S. Electricity Generation and Sales Data, July 2024: https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/electricity/electricity-in-the-us-generation-capacity-and-sales.php
  46. NERC-Chart of Long Term Reliability Assessment, Areas of Concern, 2023: https://www.nerc.com/pa/RAPA/ra/Reliability%20Assessments%20DL/NERC_LTRA_Infographic_2023.pdf
  47. Global Energy Monitor, U.S. Coal Generation Capacity 2011=314 GW or about 17%: https://www.gem.wiki/Existing_U.S._Coal_Plants
  48. American Public Power Report on Generation Capacity in U.S., 2024: https://www.publicpower.org/system/files/documents/Americas-Electricity-Generation-Capacity-2024.pdf
  49. Primary Energy Chart by Statista, 2023:  https://www.statista.com/statistics/203325/us-energy-consumption-by-source/U.S.  
  50. Grid Operators Beg Court to Nix EPA Rules to Save Electricity System From Collapse, Inevitable Blackouts and Grid Reliability will Result from EPA Rules, WUWT, Sept. 18, 2024:https://wattsupwiththat.com/2024/09/18/inevitable-and-foreseeable-grid-operators-beg-court-to-nix-epa-rules-to-save-electricity-system-from-collapse/
  51. Daily Caller, Grid Operator Warns Democrats, Climate Policies are Pushing NY-ISO toward Blackouts, Sept. 2024: https://dailycaller.com/2024/06/11/nyiso-grid-climate-pushing-new-york-blackouts/
  52. Andy May, Petrophysicist article on the Economic cost to eliminate Fossil Fuels: https://andymaypetrophysicist.com/2022/05/28/the-economic-cost-of-eliminating-fossil-fuels/
  53. Watts Up With That, “The U.N. and Biden Want Net-Zero, While China Opts for Energy Realism” :  https://wattsupwiththat.com/2024/09/18/the-un-and-the-biden-administration-want-net-zero-for-the-u-s-while-china-opts-for-energy-realism/
  54. “The Folly of Climate Leadership,” Net-Zero and Brittain’s Disastrous Policies, by Rupert Darwall, Dec. 2023: https://assets.realclear.com/files/2023/12/2321_2320_realclear-report-rupert-darwall-v7_1.pdf
  55. Zero Emissions Grid Follies. Francis Menton and Stephen Heins on Spanish Island with 100% Green Power: https://open.substack.com/pub/stephenheins/p/the-zero-emissions-grid-demonstration?r=kv1a9&utm_campaign=post&utm_medium=email
  56. PA Oil and Gas Association on the importance of Energy: https://pioga.org/just-the-facts-fossil-fuels-essential-to-four-essential-materials-that-support-civilization/
  57. IEA Food Production cost component of Energy: https://www.iea.org/commentaries/how-the-energy-crisis-is-exacerbating-the-food-crisis
  58. Thomas Shepstone repost of “If you Want to Electrify Everything, Think Again” : https://open.substack.com/pub/energysecurityfreedom/p/if-you-want-to-electrify-everything?r=kv1a9&utm_campaign=post&utm_medium=web
  59. POWER Magazine Commentary by Michelle Bloodworth of America’s Power, “EPA No Win Rule for the Electricity Grid” July 2, 2024: https://www.powermag.com/blog/epas-no-win-rule-for-the-electricity-grid/?oly_enc_id=3214I3524889A9B
  60. POWER Magazine, Transformer Crisis, An Industry on the Brink”,  July 2024: https://www.powermag.com/the-transformer-crisis-an-industry-on-the-brink/?oly_enc_id=3214I3524889A9B
  61. Daily Sceptic, Net Zero Cure is far worse than the Disease: https://dailysceptic.org/2024/07/04/the-net-zero-cure-is-far-worse-than-the-disease/
  62. Rockefeller Foundation Funding of Extremists and Un-American Causes, July 2024: https://elizabethnickson.substack.com/p/the-rockefellers-created-990-climate
  63. Roger Pielke on Extreme Climate, May 2024 Based on Testimony to U.S. Congress: https://www.aei.org/articles/schrodingers-climate-cat/
  64. Good You Tube Presentation on Paris Climate Goals Update: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MaaJqPCjNr4
  65. Vaclav Smil for Fraser Institute, “Why Net Zero is Impractical and Unrealistic”: https://www.fraserinstitute.org/studies/halfway-between-kyoto-and-2050
  66. Scam of the Century, Ridding the World of Crude Oil Without a Replacement is Global Suicide”, by Ron Stein and Gregory Whitestone, July 2024: https://www.americaoutloud.news/scam-of-the-century-ridding-the-world-of-crude-oil-without-a-replacement-is-global-suicide/
  67. IEA July 2024 Energy Update:  https://sg-mktg.com/MTcyMTYyMTgwMHxrZlpDTEdkRkZMZ0tHWVFMYVFuMVZBbWZySDlGcElRQmJ0VEVhdFl5cGthUUxKa2ZEc3lGN1BzMzJjTG1pM01xX0VZRGNtV1VpUm56SFRrNG5zdG82RlJUZ2swaFF1VFRMakc0aU1sVEc2LUluSTZLZENtdWpTS1VrWEdUZFltdXVoV2l1ckYxWFhjSHFsdHlHZDEzbzhXYmU3VVVwLUg3MUVMRDNpZ0FocXBmcXA3SHdTM2dfdHAzMjRWOUZLOGcwOE9qaWZPUF8zUGdMU19JejNDdFpGeWhkNmJTQnNPVjVHWm5CaU5aUmRYR3ZJUUJ4ODhseGlabk5COWRvSGkzdktnUlJmUFhwaHc0fDl_YPz0gZfDU8sTlcNMy-ycMzjsUi1GTlDCCSS_k6TW?utm_campaign=IEA+newsletters&utm_medium=Email&utm_source=SendGrid
  68. IEA Coal Report, July 2024: https://www.iea.org/news/global-coal-demand-is-set-to-remain-broadly-flat-through-2025
  69. EPI-Statistical Review of World Energy for year 2023, published June 2024: https://www.energyinst.org/statistical-review/resources-and-data-downloads
  70.  America’s Power.org on the shortage of Electricity Generation Resources in the Future, It is NOT Transmission Lines we need, it is more Dispatchable Generation, by Michelle Bloodworth: https://americaspower.org/clogged-interconnection-queues-wont-solve-resource-adequacy-problems/  
  71. NERC Warns of Possible Gas Shortage for Winter, Sept. 19, 2024: https://www.utilitydive.com/news/nerc-sounds-alarm-over-winter-gas-supplies-potential-grid-impacts-2024-2025/727460/?utm_source=Sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Issue:%202024-09-19%20Utility%20Dive%20Newsletter%20%5Bissue:66016%5D&utm_term=Utility%20Dive
  72. Natural Gas Supply Association of Companies, Plan for handling Winter Peak Demand, Sept. 2024: https://www.ngsa.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2024/09/Natural-Gas-Winter-Preparedness-Fact-Sheet.pdf
  73. Daily Signal on U.N. Policy to eliminate Fossil Fuels, Sept 25, 2024: https://www.dailysignal.com/2024/09/25/phasing-out-fossil-fuels-will-leave-the-globe-poor-hungry-and-sick/?mkt_tok=ODI0LU1IVC0zMDQAAAGVzwC2snGpCwRuOHknHfpRIFPOT9z9DhiF_eQKLAb1xS_HNzu7STzSDhmBuh7cjCzNe3e2II7BQWjjGL4vOXGzhnJNcrXMFMVNeAAMr0SDSSR0o1g
  74. CEI-  “50 Years of Failed Predictions of Environmental Extremists”: https://cei.org/blog/wrong-again-50-years-of-failed-eco-pocalyptic-predictions/
  75. Good summary of Climate Science:
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OoxLY7GdbLg
  76. The Importance of Synchronous Inertia of Conventional Power Generation to Stabilize Grid Frequency: https://open.substack.com/pub/greennuke/p/why-is-grid-inertia-important?r=kv1a9&utm_campaign=post&utm_medium=web
  77. NERC Standards for Frequency Control: https://www.nerc.com/pa/Stand/Reliability%20Standards/PRC-024-3.pdf
  78. South Africa, Eskom, Solar and Wind Impact on Reliability, by Head Grid Operator: https://mybroadband.co.za/news/energy/562629-solar-and-wind-power-warning-from-the-woman-preventing-eskom-grid-collapse.html
  79. WUWT Home Climate Page: https://wattsupwiththat.com/webapp/root.html/
  80. National News (UK) on Energy, Sept. 30, 2024, UK Ends 140 years of coal use: https://www.thenationalnews.com/business/energy/2024/09/30/britain-shuts-last-coal-power-station-and-draws-a-close-to-historic-steel-plant/?utm_source=The+National+newsletters&utm_campaign=07f3d766fb-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2024_07_09_02_20_COPY_01&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_-138f6bcf16-%5BLIST_EMAIL_ID%5D
  81. Finland’s GTK Outstanding Website on the limits of Materials. Also, the Future and Challenges/Futility or Impossibility of the Free Western World government’s “Net-Zero Carbon” Path: https://www.gtk.fi/en/research/time-to-wake-up/
    https://www.gtk.fi/en/research/time-to-wake-up/downloads/
  82. Anthony Watts on the Polar Vortex Weather Pattern: https://climaterealism.com/2024/01/false-axios-climate-change-isnt-altering-the-polar-vortex/?utm_source=ActiveCampaign&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Heartland+Weekly%3A+Heartland+Friend+Willie+Soon+KILLS+IT+on+Tucker+Carlson+s+New+Show+on+Elon+Musk+s+X+Platform&utm_campaign=HW+%2801-12-23%29
  83. CO2 Coalition home page: https://co2coalition.org
  84. Dr. Richard Lindzen on Temperature of the Earth: https://climateactiontracker.org
  85. Clintel Declaration (European Scientists): https://clintel.org/world-climate-declaration/
  86. WUWT Timeline of Failed Climate Doomsday Predictions: https://wattsupwiththat.com/failed-prediction-timeline/
  87. Roy Spencer Web site: https://www.drroyspencer.com
  88. Heartland Institute: http://climatechangereconsidered.org
  89. Real Clear Wire, “Here’s the Climate Dissent You’re Not Hearing About Because it is Muffled by Society’s Top Institutions” :  https://realclearwire.com/articles/2023/09/13/heres_the_climate_dissent_youre_not_hearing_about_because_its_muffled_by_societys_top_institutions_978511.html?utm_medium=email&utm_content=iJgazUr_XAtMm8bXcO-NbIzld7XNG9xSjxbQsPeA5uyvxxlevtyy6INEIV4bUTjx
  90. Professor Richard Lindzen, MIT: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lindzen#Views_on_climate_change
  91. Prof. Lindzen article in Tablet Magazine on China and his views on AGW: https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/science/articles/china-warming-richard-lindzen
  92. Professor Judith Curry Interview January 30, 2021 on AGW: https://judithcurry.com/2021/01/30/interview-climate-change-a-different-perspective-with-judith-curry/
  93. Professor Willliams Happer and Professor Richard Lindzen Testimony to SEC June 2022: https://www.sec.gov/comments/s7-10-22/s71022-20132171-302668.pdf
  94. The Right Stuff Climate Team (Retired NASA Engineers): https://www.therightclimatestuff.com
    Climate Science Book by Vinos with forward by Judith Curry:  https://judithcurry.com/2022/09/22/the-winter-gatekeeper-hypothesis-vii-a-summary-plus-qa/
  95. Climate, Past, Present and Future: https://judithcurry.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Vinos-CPPF2022.pdf
  96. Australian Scientific Paper: World Atmospheric CO2, Its 14C Specific Activity, Non-fossil Component, Anthropogenic Fossil Component, and Emissions (1750–2018) https://journals.lww.com/health-physics/fulltext/2022/02000/world_atmospheric_co2,_its_14c_specific_activity,.2.aspx
  97. GWPF Sept 22, 2022, Richard Lindzen Paper: https://www.thegwpf.org/content/uploads/2022/09/Lindzen-global-warming-narrative.pdf
  98. Dr. Timothy Ball Paper on the Deliberate Corruption of Science, 2014: https://www.alachuacounty.us/Depts/epd/EPAC/BOOK%20REVIEW%20-%20‘THE%20DELIBERATE%20CORRUPTION%20OF%20CLIMATE%20SCIENCE%20by%20TIM%20BALL.pdf
  99. Tim Ball, CO2 is not a pollutant 2018: https://www.technocracy.news/tim-ball-the-evidence-proves-that-co2-is-not-a-greenhouse-gas/
  100. Dr. Judith Curry post on how Disinformation Industrial Complex is harming Trust in Science, June 2023: https://judithcurry.com/2023/04/23/how-the-disinformation-industrial-complex-is-destroying-trust-in-science/https://judithcurry.com/2023/04/23/how-the-disinformation-industrial-complex-is-destroying-trust-in-science/
  101. Vaclav Smil book: “The Way the World Really Works”
    Dr. Steve Koonin book: “Unsettled”
    Science based web site on Climate Science: https://climate4you.com
  102. Heartland Institute Climate Conference, Feb. 2023: https://heartland.org/events/15th-international-conference-on-climate-change/ 
  103. Professor Willliams Happer and Professor Richard Lindzen Testimony to SEC June 2022: https://www.sec.gov/comments/s7-10-22/s71022-20132171-302668.pdf
  104. The Right Stuff Climate Team (Retired NASA Engineers): https://www.therightclimatestuff.com
  105. Australian Scientific Paper: World Atmospheric CO2, Its 14C Specific Activity, Non-fossil Component, Anthropogenic Fossil Component, and Emissions (1750–2018: https://journals.lww.com/health-physics/fulltext/2022/02000/world_atmospheric_co2,_its_14c_specific_activity,.2.aspx
  106. Dr. Judith Curry Review of CLINTEL report analyzing IPCC-AR6: https://judithcurry.com/2023/05/13/clintels-critical-evaluation-of-the-ipcc-ar6/ 
  107. CLINTEL website: https://clintel.org
  108. Dr. Patrick Moore discusses Manufactured Climate Alarmism, May 2023, Newsmax: https://wattsupwiththat.com/2023/04/30/patrick-moore-discusses-climate-change-manufa
  109. Here’s what the IPCC really believes about the effects of climate change compared to other factors. All the rest is scare tactics, and gross exaggeration. No way 0.5C increase in temperature, if it occurs, could be anything but positive. Note the use of the words “small” & large” Dr. Pat&t=jx86j0I-tJuKCNreXz1BDA
  110. Donn Dears book, “Have No Fear”
  111. Fred Singer and Dennis T. Avery book, “UnstoppableGlobal Warming” published 2007
    Book, “Hot Talk, Cold Science” 3rd edition, 2021, By Singer, Legates and Lupo
  112. CO2 Coalition has an extensive web site with more science based Climate and Atmospheric Science information: https://co2coalition.org
  113. Physicist Wallace Manheimer on CO2, “There is no Climate Crisis” , January 2023: https://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jsd/article/view/0/47745  Abstract here: https://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jsd/article/view/0/47745
  114. Dr. Steve Koonin, Is There Really a Climate Emergency? https://www.prageru.com/video/is-there-really-a-climate-emergency?utm_source=Iterable&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=campaign_5331670
  115. WUWT Global Surface Temperature Record Updated 1880-2023: https://wattsupwiththat.com/uah-version-6/ 
  116. “Why Climate Change is Not an Emergency”, CO2 Coalition Presentations, May 27, 2023: https://co2coalition.org/media/why-climate-change-is-not-an-emergency/
  117. WUWT Home page for access to numerous articles: https://wattsupwiththat.com
  118. Manhattan Contrarian, Francis Menton article on the Michael Mann “Hockey Stick” graph, Civil lawsuit, Mark Steyn and IPCC: https://www.manhattancontrarian.com/blog/2024-1-27-some-notes-on-the-trial-of-mann-v-steyn
  119. Donn Dears book, “Clean Energy Crisis” 2023, 
    Donn Dears book, “Net Zero Carbon, The Policy Destroying America” 2021
  120. Australian Government website on CO2 Emissions: https://www.csiro.au/en/research/environmental-impacts/climate-change/Climate-change-QA/Sources-of-CO2
  121. Aspen Institute on Decarbonization and CCUS Challenges: https://www.aspeninstitute.org/publications/energy-transition-decarbonization-challenges-in-the-united-states-globally/
  122. DW Germany Challenges of Wind Power: https://www.dw.com/en/can-germany-meet-its-ambitious-wind-energy-targets/a-68165099
  123. EcoWatch on 22 million acres of public land proposed for solar panels: https://www.ecowatch.com/solar-energy-development-public-lands-blm.html
  124. Natural CO2 emissions by Volcanoes, Science based: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-41901-y
  125. Visual Capitalist of World’s Largest CO2 emissions, Human Created: https://www.visualcapitalist.com/all-the-worlds-carbon-emissions-in-one-chart/
  126. USGS CO2 Emissions from Volcanoes: https://www.usgs.gov/programs/VHP/volcanoes-can-affect-climate
  127. NASA report on Natural and Anthropogenic CO2 Emissions: https://climate.nasa.gov/climate_resources/340/graphic-volcanoes-and-climate-change/
  128. EPOCH Times Article on Doubt of CO2 being the cause of climate change, Feb. 24, 2024: https://www.theepochtimes.com/article/fixation-on-co2-ignores-real-driver-of-temperature-say-experts-5588495?utm_source=RTNews&src_src=RTNews&utm_campaign=rtbreaking-2024-02-23-1&src_cmp=rtbreaking-2024-02-23-1&utm_medium=email&est=AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAc%2BsofRIezY%2Fb%2BLwcs0VKH7toxkYAIGcN2s7GwqwC0GkGTSTCcgh%2FABHe
  129. CA politicians pushed Green energy and then their Electric Bills Skyrocketed, Politico, Feb. 2024: https://www.politico.com/news/2024/02/21/democrats-climate-action-utility-bills-00142316
  130. History of BWXT : https://www.bwxt.com/about/history
  131. CCP funding of Environmental groups, Dec. 2023: https://climatechangedispatch.com/chinese-tied-nonprofit-sent-millions-to-fund-us-based-eco-groups-climate-schemes/
  132. Park Foundation website. Philanthropy to Liberal Causes, including fighting fossil fuels: https://www.parkfoundation.org/funding-priorities/environment/
  133. Dr. George Holliday 2010 ASME Newsletter, “Is the EPA Out of Control?” on LI: https://www.linkedin.com/feed/update/urn:li:activity:7170389121775951873?utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_desktop
  134. Inflation Reduction Act by Whitehouse PR, August 16, 2022: https://www.whitehouse.gov/cleanenergy/inflation-reduction-act-guidebook/
  135. Salt River Power, New Battery Installation, can store clean energy for up to four hours (260 MWH), March 2024: https://media.srpnet.com/arizonas-largest-battery-is-now-operating-on-srps-power-grid-supporting-google-along-with-other-clean-energy-resources/
  136. You Tube video on the true facts of Climate change: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6daGgUI-keg
  137. History of Weather Extremes by Ralph Alexander: https://www.thegwpf.org/content/uploads/2024/03/History-Weather-Extremes.pdf?mc_cid=8f46aa0c76&mc_eid=16a1aa27a8  
  138. Chris Matchette-Downes and James Folcik, LI post on Natural Weather Events History: https://www.linkedin.com/posts/activity-7179257727183917056-os39?utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_desktop  
  139. American Coal Council on high electricity demand of Data Centers: https://www.linkedin.com/posts/terry-bentley-67707919_where-is-the-power-going-to-come-from-activity-7179233761790717952-2j7X?utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_desktop  
  140. CO2 You Tube, “Climate Killer or Essence of Life” By Patrick Baeuerle:   https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6daGgUI-keg
  141. FERC should be Independent, Not GREEN, Real Clear Energy, example of MA energy policies and FERC Commissioner Judy Chang from MA,  April 3, 2024: https://www.realclearenergy.org/articles/2024/03/20/ferc_should_be_independent_not_green_1019708.html 
  142. Massachusetts Energy Profile, 2022, EIA: https://www.eia.gov/state/print.php?sid=MA
  143. Capital Research Center, History of the Climate Polices, by Ken Haapala: Capital Research Center, Report on Climate Dollars https://www.climatedollars.org/full-study/a-short-history-of-global-warming-fears/
  144. Liberty Energy’s Chris Wright Testimony to Congress on the “Climate Policies” April 2024: https://docs.house.gov/meetings/BA/BA00/20240410/117092/HHRG-118-BA00-Wstate-WrightC-20240410.pdf
  145. A Short History of Climate Dollars, CRC, 2017: https://www.climatedollars.org/app/uploads/2017/05/CRC_ClimateDollars_Study_finalv3.pdf
  146. Daily Skeptic on sea Level rise, April 2024: https://dailysceptic.org/2024/04/06/islands-that-climate-alarmists-said-would-soon-disappear-due-to-rising-sea-found-to-have-grown-in-size/
  147. The Honest Story of Climate Change, Part1, by Andy May, April 11, 2024: https://andymaypetrophysicist.com/2024/04/11/the-honest-story-of-climate-change-part-i-weighed-down-by-fear-and-intimidation/  
  148. Environmental NGO’s Funding by Billionaires, Foundations and some by Foreign investments, 114thCongress Report, 2014: http://stillwatertechservices.com/files/tms/EAC-HAVA-CARES/The_Chain_of_Command_-_How_Billionaires_and_Foundations_Control_Environmental_Movement_US_Senate_Report_July_30_2014.pdf
  149. Climate, The Movie: https://x.com/wideawake_media/status/1770552312710217954
  150. Phyics.org Article, Ice age climate analysis reduces worst-case warming expected from rising CO₂ :    https://phys.org/news/2024-04-ice-age-climate-analysis-worst.html
  151. Firebreak: When Journalists Drop the Ball, April 22, 2024: https://www.thefirebreak.org/p/when-journalists-drop-the-ball
  152. Alberta Government Report on Energy Opposition organizations, April 2024: https://open.alberta.ca/publications/public-inquiry-into-anti-alberta-energy-campaigns-report  
  153. WUWT Disclosure of Billionaire Climate Extremists influencing state and Federal Climate policy, good links within the document, May 22, 2024: https://wattsupwiththat.com/2024/05/22/more-billionaire-climate-machinations/
  154. WUWT on “Who are the Science Deniers that Threaten Future Prosperity, Trump or Others?”: https://wattsupwiththat.com/2024/05/24/claim-trumps-anti-science-climate-denial-threatens-the-foundations-of-prosperity/
  155. WUWT “Environmental Reporting, Failed Predictions Timeline, 1966 to 2023): https://wattsupwiththat.com/failed-prediction-timeline/
  156. Vaclav Smil, “Net Zero is Not Going to Happen”, Fraser Institute, June 2024: https://www.fraserinstitute.org/sites/default/files/halfway-between-kyoto-and-2050.pdf
  157. CO2 is NOT a Pollutant and Humans Cannot Regulate It, by Professor Murray Salby, 2016: https://expose-news.com/2024/06/08/carbon-isnt-a-pollutant-humans-cannot-regulate-it/  
  158. Excellent Presentation on Climate and Energy for the General Public :  https://rumble.com/v2l3sqy-climate-and-energy.html
  159. You Tube Presentation on the Influence of the Sun on Earth’s Climate, also at 3 minutes 10 seconds into the video, the recent excellent paper on Net Zero Carbon by William Happer, Richard Lindzen and W. A. van Wijngaarden is discussed, (link below) June 12, 2024: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LfhbEDuZXDs
  160. CO2 Coalition Paper. Net Zero Averted Temperature Increase: https://co2coalition.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Net-Zero-Averted-Temperature-Increase-2024-06-11.pdf
  161. WUWT-August 2024, “Anthropogenic Warming is Political Science, Not Physical Science”    :  https://wattsupwiththat.com/2024/08/13/anthropogenic-global-warming-is-political-not-physical-science/
  162. Climatism Blog, Background of the Global Warming Scare: https://climatism.blog/2018/12/19/draconian-un-climate-agenda-exposed-global-warming-fears-are-a-tool-for-political-and-economic-change-it-has-nothing-to-do-with-the-actual-climate/
  163. WUWT on Sea Level Rise using 19th century photos of the Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor: https://wattsupwiththat.com/2023/08/06/despite-alarmists-denials-statue-of-liberty-photos-expose-sea-level-rise-acceleration-failed-projections/
  164. MIT Climate Page, Tons of CO2 on Planet Earth: https://climate.mit.edu/ask-mit/how-much-carbon-dioxide-does-earth-naturally-absorb#:~:text=Altogether%20the%20planet%20absorbs%20and,billion%20tons%20of%20CO2.
  165. Our World in Data on CO2 Emissions Data: https://ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions
  166. NASA-How Much CO2 are we Emitting? https://science.nasa.gov/science-research/earth-science/climate-science/how-much-carbon-dioxide-are-we-emitting/
  167. NOAA on CO2 in Atmosphere: https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide
  168. NASA Earth Observatory on CO2 :  https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/CarbonCycle
    CO2 Coalition on the Importance of CO2 to the Senate: https://www.commerce.senate.gov/services/files/FC7C4946-11A3-4967-BF28-8D0386608D3E
  169. New Scientist tally of 1.85 Billion Tonnes of carbon on planet earth: https://www.newscientist.com/article/2218180-weve-totted-up-all-earths-carbon-and-99-per-cent-is-underground/  
  170. Global Energy Monitor on CO2: https://www.gem.wiki/Carbon_dioxide
  171. British Geological Service: https://www.bgs.ac.uk/discovering-geology/climate-change/the-carbon-story/
  172. The World Counts on total CO2 emissions since 1850, From 1850 to 2019, 2,400 gigatons of CO2 were emitted by human activity. Around 950 gigatons went into the  Climate Deniers, Unite”atmosphere. The rest has been absorbed by oceans and land.: https://www.theworldcounts.com/challenges/climate-change/global-warming/global-co2-emissions
  173. Britannica, How Much Does Atmosphere Weigh? About The total mass of Earth’s atmosphere is about 5.5 quadrillion tons, or roughly one millionth of Earth’s mass.:https://www.britannica.com/story/how-much-does-earths-atmosphere-weigh
  174. Columbia University Climate Center CO2 History:  https://news.climate.columbia.edu/2023/12/07/a-new-66-million-year-history-of-carbon-dioxide-offers-little-comfort-for-today/  
  175. Science News.org on Total Weight of CO2 on earth:  https://www.sciencenews.org/article/where-earth-stores-its-carbon
  176. Science Direct, Dr. Judith Curry EtAl: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666496823000456
  177. WUWT “Climate Deniers of the World  Unite”, Ug. 16, 2024: https://wattsupwiththat.com/2024/08/16/climate-deniers-of-the-world-unite/
  178. Why Did the U.S. Give Up on Coal Just When it Was Winning and Decide to Give the Game to China?, by @NaturalGasNOW https://open.substack.com/pub/energysecurityfreedom/p/why-did-the-us-give-up-on-coal-just?r=kv1a9&utm_campaign=post&utm_medium=web
  179. CNN News article on replacing 2700 MW Sherco Coal Plant in Minnesota with Solar Farms, Sept. 16, 2024: https://edition.cnn.com/2024/09/16/climate/coal-to-solar-minnesota/index.html
  180. Statista Chart of U.S. Primary Energy, 2023: https://www.statista.com/statistics/203325/us-energy-consumption-by-source/
  181. PA Pundits Article on “Groupthink, Pal-Review and Climate Fraud” An excellent article published in Jan. 2021: https://papundits.wordpress.com/2021/01/13/groupthink-pal-review-and-climate-fraud/
  182. Stephen Heins Substack article on interview with Climate Expert Dr. Judith Curry on Politics, science and climate policies: https://open.substack.com/pub/stephenheins/p/the-politics-of-climate-change-with?r=kv1a9&utm_campaign=post&utm_medium=web